What is hypnotherapy free essay sample

What Is Hypnoss? The term hypnosis (from the Greek hypnos, meaning sleep) was coined circa 1840 by Dr James Braid. It is not quite an accurate description of the experience, as when someone is hypnotised they are not sleeping. Hypnosis is a state of mind, brought about by thorough mental and physical relaxation. During which, a persons subconscious mind is responsive to suggestions that can then influence their behaviour. It is believed that the use of hypnosis in the form of inducing trance states stretches back as far as ancient Egypt (Waterfleld 2004 pg43). It has also been used by cultures such as North American Indians for thousands of years. In the 1700s Franz Anton Mesmer, a doctor schooled In Vienna, developed a way of healing people using magnets. He believed that they released blockages of the patients fluid flow. As time went by he started to use electrodes and then Just his hands. We will write a custom essay sample on What is hypnotherapy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He called it animal magnetism. Although his practices were discredited officially, people continued to use his methods. In 1814 Abbe Faria concluded that the success of Mesmers animal magnetism was down to his Influence through suggestion. In the late 1700s the Marquis de Puysegur refined Mesmers techniques, also rejecting the idea of magnetising the patient. His practice focused more on listening to the patient in sessions of regular frequency and duration. The patient did not need to have convulsions to experience change as words were effective on their own. After Mesmer, various doctors employed hypnotherapy, including Sigmund Freud. But it was Milton Erickson who pioneered the technique of modern hypnosis as we recognise it today. Hypnotherapy uses relaxation to bring a person into a state of consciousness that llows them to be influenced with suggestions to change the way they behave. The subconscious stores Information as necessary and directs our non-voluntary actions. This allows our conscious mind to operate on daily tasks we want to undertake. Hypnotherapy works by leading a person to the required mental state and accessing the subconscious. In his book Hypnotherapy: A handbook (2012 pgl Michael Heap describes the hypnotic session in 5 stages: Stage One: This is the preparation stage. The hypnotherapist will discuss with the client, what the client Is hoping to gain from the session and any misgivings they may have about hypnotherapy. Stage Two: The hypnotherapist will proceed with the hypnosis. Starting by relaxing the client and the deepening the hypnosis by asking them to focus internally. Stage Three: The client will be fully hypnotised and In a state that is will make them more receptive to suggestions. The hypnotherapist will make suggestions related to the subject that he has discussed with the client. Stage Four: The hypnotherapist brings the client back from the hypnotic state. They would that the client is becoming more alert and aware of their surroundings. Stage Five: Discussing the session and any emotions or concerns that may have arisen as a esult of the session. Hypnosis has various beneficial functions (Hadley and Staudacher 1996). It can improve sleep, reduce stress and painful symptoms. It can produce anaesthesia and organic functions such as slowing bleeding and heart rate. It can improve a persons memory and recall of information, plus increase the capacity to learn and retain information. It can also assist in age regression, allowing the person to relive an experience they went through in the past. Hypnosis has various uses such as weight loss. It can motivate a person to lose weight, help them reprogram their eating habits and help them maintain their weight loss. It can help someone quit smoking. Helping the person break the pattern of smoking and give up permanently. It can help improve self esteem and motivation. It can assist in improving self projection, reprogram negative behaviour increase confidence and self acceptance and change the way a person regards success. To understand the role of relaxation in hypnotherapy we must understand the states of consciousness that are conducive to hypnotherapy and the physical and psychological aspects as well. To do this, a good place to start, is to look at the different levels of consciousness that can be measured in waves and the number of ycles per second that the brain is experiencing. Beta waves (15-40 cycles per second) occur when a person is engaged, alert, and focusing on an activity. A person would experiencing these waves could, for example, be having a conversation. Alpha waves (9 to 14 cycles per second) are slower and in this state people are more relaxed than when their brains are producing beta waves. This is a resting state which you might experience after completing a task. They are present when a person is engaged in a creative or contemplative mode. These waves also occur in meditation and light hypnosis. Theta waves (4-8 cycles per second) ccur during light sleep when someone is dreaming and some meditative states. When a person is experiencing medium to deep hypnosis they will be producing theta waves. Another example of theta state is when a person is engaged in a task such as driving along a familiar road, their conscious mind relaxes allowing their mind to wander. It is in the theta state that suppressed memories are more likely to come to the surface- which can be useful for healing difficult past emotions. Delta waves (1 to 4 cycles per second) are the slowest, produced when a person is deeply relaxed- such as sleeping. Dreamless sleep involves waves of 2 or 3 cycles per econd. Delta waves can indicate very deep hypnosis as well. As you can see there are different situations in which determine what activity our brain undertakes, plus physical signs that indicate the state of consciousness. In their book Hypnosis for Change (1996 pgl 2,13) Josie Hadley and Carol Staudacher outline the mental and physical characteristics of levels of consciousness. They use game of tennis they will be in an alert state. They will have normal intellectual function, reflexive and motor response. During daydreaming (light trance) a person might be thinking of playing game of tennis. They will experience physical relaxation- slowed breathing and heart rate. Their mind will be wandering, contemplating the possible or impossible and they will be withdrawn. In a moderate trance a person will lose awareness of their surroundings- they will be imagining themselves on a court playing tennis. Their eyes will be closed and awareness of their heartbeat and breathing may increase. Their senses will be more receptive and they will interpret anything you say to them literally. If a person was in a deep trance they would be able to feel as if they were actually playing tennis. They would reduce their energy and activity. Their limbs would possibly stiffen or become limp. Their attention would narrow and they would lose auditory reception and environmental awareness. They may become more creative in their thinking and senses may become illusory. If a person dreams of being in a tennis match they are asleep. In this state there is a suspension of voluntary exercise and a reduction or absence of conscious thought. So it is the states of light moderate and deep trance that the hypnotherapist works with. As these are the states in which a person will be open to hypnotic suggestion. To work on a person, the hypnotherapist will need to relax them both physically and entally. The hypnotherapist will talk a person through a series of steps to guide them in the process of relaxation. Hypnotherapists use a hypnotic screed to hypnotise someone. It is a set of instructions to guide a person into the state of hypnosis. The screed will start with the Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) to achieve physical relaxation. This involves gradually relaxing all the muscle in the body and slowing the breathing, which should in turn, slow the persons heart rate. These physical changes will affect the persons mental state, slowing their brain activity and inducing trance states. The use of this technique, was developed by Edmond Jacobson in the 1920s. This technique involves relaxing groups of muscle in the body starting either at the head or the toes. When Jacobson originally developed the technique it involved tensing and then relaxing the muscles. This tensing and relaxing was designed to trigger parasympathetic nervous system activity, which not only relaxed the muscles but also improved mental and emotional state of his patients. In modern hypnosis the same effect can be achieved with suggestion that the person relax their muscle groups in various ways. Then the hypnotherapist takes he person deeper into relaxation, which could involve asking the person to picture themselves in a place that is special to them, and that they find relaxing. To encourage the person to feel fully immersed in their special place they will ask the person to engage all their senses. Once they are in their special place and in a relaxed trance the therapeutic suggestions will take effect. The hypnotherapist will communicate the behavioural changes they will make, in accordance with what they have agreed to beforehand. Heap (2012 pg2) describes suggestion as a communication, conveyed verbally by the hypnotist, that directs the subjects magination in such a way as to elicit intended alterations in sensations, perceptions, feelings, thoughts and behaviour. The responses the person has to suggestion during hypnosis as something they feel is happening to them. Rather than being the suggestion stage they will re-orientate the person. This involves bringing the person back to full awareness. During the induction the hypnotherapist may have made suggestions that the person ignore any external surrounding noises, as an aid to relaxation. It is important, at this stage, to reverse any suggestions they made at he start. In Hypnotherapy, A Practical Handbook (Karle and Boys 1987 pg10) the authors put forward the idea of Barber (1969), that the role of hypnosis is minimal and is no more effective than encouraging someone to change, with suggestions delivered with conviction. However they conclude that since hypnosis occurs spontaneously in therapy as well as in ordinary life, it seems inefficient if not actually negligent to ignore the part played by hypnosis in therapy, and to fail to take deliberate and purposeful control of these phenomena in the service of the patient'(1987 pg21). Heap (2012 pg7,8) argues, that tests have shown, relaxation is not a critical factor in the hypnotic induction. As studies conducted have shown little difference in brain activity between inductions involving relaxation and inductions that involve more active behaviour. He defines different styles of induction, such as passive relaxed, task-motivational instructions (encouraging the person to engage with the suggestions), alert-passive (suggesting increasing awareness and alertness), alert- active (suggesting alertness while the person exercises), placebo (for example, suggesting the person has swallowed a hypnosis pill). He advises that the most important factor in the success of the hypnotherapy is whether or not it is suitable for the client, and their suggestibility, or hypnotic susceptibility (2012 pgl 1). But he does admit that passive-relaxed inductions are the most popular. Hypnosis is a therapeutic tool that can be used alongside conventional therapy to produce long- lasting or permanent positive changes in a persons behaviour. The role of relaxation is integral to the process of hypnotising someone. As it brings about physiological changes in the body that lead to trance states. Trance states are the states of onsciousness in which a person is most open to suggestions that will change their behaviour for the better.

Robert Frost

It has been said many times that all men have a common bond, or a thread that joins them together. Robert Frost ¹s poem  ³The Tuft of Flowers ² explores the existence of such a bond, as experienced by the speaker. In the everyday circumstance of performing a common chore, the speaker discovers a sense of brotherhood with another laborer. Frost contrasts a sense of aloneness with a sense of understanding to convey To understand the setting of the poem, one must first understand how grass was mowed in the time period in which the poem was written (1906). Grass was mostly mowed by hand using a scythe. The mowing was often done in the dew of the morning for better mowing. This left the grass wet, and it needed to be scattered for drying. The phrase turning the grass refered to the scattering of the grass for drying. In  ³The Tuft of Flowers, ² the speaker has gone out to turn the grass. Whoever did the mowing is already gone, for there are no signs of his presence. The speaker is alone. Then, a butterfly catches the speaker ¹s attention, and leads his gaze to a tuft of flowers, which the mower chose to leave intact. The patch of beauty left by his fellow worker causes the speaker to feel that he is no longer alone. There is a sense of understanding between the speaker and the mower, because an appreciation of beauty unites them. Frost uses peaceful images to relate the feeling of his poem. The setting is in a grassy field with a brook running through it. The tranquil feeling is added to by a silent butterfly, who searches for a flower upon which to land. In keeping with the peaceful surroundings, Frost speaks of a long scythe  ³whispering to the ground, ² and of hearing  ³wakening birds around. ² The speaker also listens for a whetstone  ³on the breeze ² to determine if there is anyone around, and

Definition and Examples of Reflected Meaning

Definition and Examples of Reflected Meaning In semantics, reflected meaning is a  phenomenon whereby a single word or phrase is associated with more than one  sense or meaning. It is also known as  coloring and contagion.   The term reflected meaning was coined by linguist Geoffrey Leech, who defined it  as the meaning which arises in cases of multiple conceptual meaning when one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense. . . . One sense of a word seems to rub off on another sense (Semantics: The Study of Meaning, 1974). When comedians use reflected meaning in their jokes its an example of wordplay. The joke is usually funny because it uses a word that is technically correct for the situation but that will elicit a different often opposite image in the mind of the listener.   Examples and Observations In the case of reflected meaning, more than one meaning surfaces at the same time, so there is a kind of ambiguity. It is as if one or more unintended meanings were inevitably thrown back rather like light or sound reflected on a surface. For instance, if I use the medical expression chronic bronchitis, it is difficult for the more colloquial emotive meaning of chronic, bad, not to intrude as well. . . . Sometimes, such coincidental, unwanted meanings cause us to change a lexical item for another. Thus, if I think that dear in my dear old car may be misinterpreted as meaning expensive, I can substitute lovely and eliminate the potential ambiguity. . . .Reflected meaning may be used deliberately. Newspaper headlines exploit it all the time: DISASTER TANKER ADRIFT IN A SEA OF BAFFLING QUESTIONSTHE ZAMBIAN OIL INDUSTRY: NOT JUST A PIPE DREAM Naturally the success of such word play will depend on the standard of education, linguistic experience or mental agility of the readership. From  Introductory Semantics and Pragmatics for Spanish Learners of English  by Brian Mott Intercourse Perhaps a more everyday example [of reflected meaning] is intercourse, which by reason of its frequent collocation with sexual tends now to be avoided in other contexts. From  Translation, Linguistics, Culture: A French-English Handbook  by Nigel Armstrong    Reflected Meanings of Product Names [S]uggestive [ trademarks] are marks that call to mindor suggestan association related to the product they name. They imply strength or softness or freshness or flavor, depending on the product; they are subtle marks, created by marketers and ad people who are very skilled at making artful associations. Think of TORO lawn mowers, DOWNY fabric softener, IRISH SPRING deodorant soap, and ZESTA saltine crackers. None of these marks is obvious, but we perceive nonetheless the strength of TORO lawn mowers, the softness DOWNY fabric softener imparts to laundry, the fresh scent of IRISH SPRING soap, and the zesty taste of ZESTA saltines. From The Trademark Guide by  Lee Wilson The Lighter Side of Reflected Meaning A [baseball] player with an unfortunate name was pitcher Bob Blewett. He pitched five games for New York during the 1902 season. Blewett lost both of his decisions and gave up 39 hits in only 28 innings. From  Baseballs Most Wanted II  by Floyd Conner

Learning to walk in the Customer's Shoes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Learning to walk in the Customer's Shoes - Essay Example During the technology boom years of the 1990s, TI became a product- and technology-centric organization taking advantage of the demand of the times. However, when the technology bubble burst with the change in market demands, TI’s technology-centric business had to drastically reengineer itself into a customer-centric one to be able to effectively compete for new business. This necessitated a re-orientation of the entire TI organization, which was effectively accomplished by BTS USA, a global supplier of computer-based simulations for learning. Human resource development is involved in three main areas: individual, occupational, and organizational development. Development of the individual addresses skill and career development. Occupational and group development addresses the integration of cross-functional individuals through a team building program, or for informing and training employees about new products and services. Organizational development involves the introduction of a new culture or ways of operating, such as introduction of a customer care program or quality management which requires the involvement of all individuals or groups in the organization (Wilson, 2005, pp. 15-16). In order to effect the change from technology- to customer-centric, TI had to conduct training on all three areas. The approach it took of first training its executives is the right approach. Senior management must lead the way in organizational change by providing both the leadership and commitment of the necessary resources. Documented b est practices show that senior management must make the organization’s objectives as their personal objectives and must be able to measure their own achievements, they must fully understand the process that the organization has to go through, and they must provide necessary support, empowerment and authority down the line (Cooper & Edgett, 2003). Had TI decided to train its front-line

To compare the quality of health care in U.K and Saudi Arabia Essay

To compare the quality of health care in U.K and Saudi Arabia - Essay Example is that it has to ensure that EU citizens obtain equal treatment in a host State. Thus while in case of U.K., one must both refer to the guidelines of WHO as well as E.U., Saudi Arabia needs to follow the guidelines of WHO only. In some countries health care for their respective citizens are regulated statutorily and some others it is only voluntary. Thus before going into the prevailing conditions in U.K. and Saudi Arabia, guidelines of the WHO and the E.U. must be examined. Standards of quality of general health care must be seen before going into the disease-specific health care quality standards. Some definitions relating to quality of health care need to be mentioned. They represent performance indicators or are used to describe performance measurement of health care industry. Rather than quality indicators, financial indicators have only played so far crucial role to describe performance. Financial indicators such as length of stay, average cost per discharge are no longer sufficient to understand quality of health care delivery of an organisation. In fact, Florence Nightingale set the tone for tracking healthcare outcomes. Later Earnest A. Codman, a surgeon from Boston, in early 1900s opined that physicians instead of just measuring what they did, should track results of their performance over a period. His thinking was ahead of his time and he called it the â€Å"end-result idea† saying that there should be some feedback system on what happened to the patients one year after receiving their treatment, though it was not welcomed by the profession and his colleagues at Massachusetts General Hospital criticised him for his outlandish idea.1 In his two volume classic Explorations in Quality Assessment and Monitoring (1980,1982), Donabedian, another physician proposed three key issues in the health care delivery. They are Structures, Processes and Outcomes. Structures are the tools, resources and organisational components. Processes are

The Evolution of Aviation in World War I and II Essay Example for Free

The Evolution of Aviation in World War I and II Essay Because of urgent needs, aviation evolved rapidly in the First and Second World War. It was in the First World War that air fights occurred upon the development of fighter planes and that aerial bombings were carried on by bomber planes. Along with the invention of fighters and bombers was an innovation in design of airplanes for increased speed and capacity for higher altitudes. The Second World War saw the continued evolution of aviation, still geared upon increased speed and capacity for higher altitudes. What was the main difference in the first and Second World War was the development of the turbojet engine as an alternative to piston-engines. Radar was also used in aviation for the first time in the Second World War. This paper will discuss how aviation evolved in the First and Second World War. It will also explore the major differences in Research and Development during those era. II. Aviation in World War I When countries of Europe entered into a conflict that was called the First World War, airplanes and airships were already popular inventions. Prior to the conflict, these flying machines were primarily used for transport. Also there was air competition, specifically regarding design and speed, that were participated by many European countries and winners were awarded with money. However, some countries had also seen the military potential or usefulness of these flying machines in war time especially for reconnaissance or spying (Murphy, 2005, p. 33). And when European countries embraced the devastating First World War, airplanes and airships were put into good use. In the early days of the war, airplanes and airships were utilized extensively for reconnaissance. Airplanes were not primarily thought as weapons for warfare. In fact, the condition of military aviation in most countries when the war broke was only in its infancy stage. It was Germany who owned the largest operationally deployed aircraft but it was France who produced the best quality and had the largest aeroplane manufacturing base (Cowin, 2000, pp 8-9. ). Although Russia was also technologically advance in terms of air power, it lacked the industrial infrastructure to develop its aircraft needs. The United States on the other hand, although the first to develop the ‘heavier-than-air† flight in 1903, was slow in advancing its air technology (Murphy, 2005, p. 34-37). Reconnaissance was a very important part of military strategy in the war. Airplanes and Zeppelins (German airships) were used for long-range spying. Reconnaissance involved the photographing of fronts and scouting to see the movements and weakness of the enemy troops and to also keep track of where one’s own troops were already at after launching. Commanders used all reconnaissance information for their battle plans (Murphy, 2005, p. 50). The effectiveness of reconnaissance helped to change aviation history. It was the success of aircraft reconnaissance that contributed to the stalemate of warring nations as war progresses. In this connection, reconnaissance aircrafts became targets of new high powered ground weapons. Nations therefore had to make a way to protect their reconnaissance aircrafts. Moreover, trench warfare also called for an immediate action to prevent the enemy from conducting aerial spying ( Murphy, 2005, p. 48). These situations gave rise to the development of mostly biplanes (two winged) fighters and bombers. Consequently the development of fighters and bombers results to design innovation of the airplane (Murphy, 2005, p. 48). Pilots used pistols and rifles for firing especially in dogfights were flying fighter planes exchanged bullets at each other. However, it was not an effective weapon against a moving target. Designers had thought of installing the newly invented lightweight machine guns instead. Earlier, inventors had observed that it is more effective to fire a machine gun through the arc of the propeller using a tractor driven aircraft (plane propeller at the front) so that pilots can use the airplane for aiming. Pusher planes (planes that have propellers and engine at the rear) may seem advantageous at first in that the machine gun can be put at the nose of the plane however this left the rear of the plane vulnerable to attack and also it was hard and slow to maneuver. There is danger, however, in tractor driven aircraft in that the bullet may hit the propeller and strike the pilot or damage the engine. To solve this problem, a Dutch aircraft designer, Anthony Fokker, developed a synchronized machine gun in his monoplane called the Eindecker. It works by synchronizing the interrupter gear with the camshaft so that the interrupter gear could be timed to prevent the gun from firing at a moment when a bullet would strike a propeller blade (Murphy, 2005, pp. 52-54). The bombers, on the other hand, were developed out of a strong desire to strike behind enemy lines and to cripple their capacity and will to fight. In the early days of the war, the Germans had attempted to use their Zeppelins for bombings but it was extremely vulnerable to ground fire. In fact, they lost three Zeppelins by the end of August 1914 alone ((Murphy, 2005, p. 48). Other innovations in the design of the airplanes were also called for to gain advantage over the enemy. In fact, at the end of the First World War, the airplane had undergone rapid physical renovation that it bores little resemblance to the â€Å"frail wooden and cloth war birds that had entered the war† ( Eckert , 2006, p. 58). Prior to 1914, most planes were designed after the Wright Flyer with control surfaces in front of the wings for a canard type or having wings that were shaped like birds or pigeon type. In this prewar model (or birdman era), the fuselage and the wings were made from plywood covered with fabric and held together by string to meet the requirement of achieving the least possible weight for the entire structure in â€Å"heavier than air† flights. The replacement of thin airfoils with a self-supporting cantilevered wings held in place by struts and wires was an important innovation to reduce air resistance and increase speed along with strong motors. The influence of the wingspan and shape of wings were also studied. Before long the airplane evolved into a full metal construction, example, the Junkers F-13 (Eckert, 2006, pp. 58-59). Another innovation in aviation was in increasing speed and rising at high altitudes to avoid being shot down by the enemy and to carry heavy loads of bombs. It calls for a remarkable advance in the power of the engines. At the beginning of the war, most of the engines were of about 50 horsepower and the aircraft flew at 70 or 80 miles per hour and rising around 10,000 feet only (Cowin, 2000, p. 9). By the end of the war, some planes were powered by engines of more than 300 horsepower. Fighter planes could travel at 140 to 150 miles per hour and rising at 30,000 feet (Cowin, 2000, p. 84).

Slavey Then And Now :: essays research papers

Slavery: Then and Now When we think about slavery many things come to our mind. There are many different ways one can describe slavery. If you were to look it up in a dictionary it would say that a slave is â€Å"one who is owned and forced into service by another,† this was the definition given in the Webster’s Dictionary. But then again if you were to look it up in the Oxford Dictionary the definition given here is of one who is an â€Å"obsessive devotee.† On the whole slavery can have different meanings to different people. The meaning of slavery has a different meaning today than it did years ago. As Alex Haley wrote, slavery was difficult to explain years ago because it was going on at the time. Today when someone says the word slavery more than half of the people would think of plantations and people being forced to work the land and being mistreated. But what do you say to a little child who comes up to you and asks you want slavery is? In today’s society we can take the word slavery and put it to the modern days. Would one say that slavery only existed years ago when plantation owners would buy people to force them to do hard labor and mistreat them, or would one mention about the slavery that goes on in today’s society? What about the people who are forced to do hard labor like many years ago? Many people do not realize it but indeed we do have modern-day slavery. What is today’s modern day slavery? There are several things that can be put into today’s slavery. This is one problem that is often over looked in today’s society. It may not have as much impact as it did years ago, but if we stop and think about it, this problem is still as harsh and crude as it was years ago. I would think that up to some extent the problem has grown now because it is in fact often overlooked. For example in Sudan, as a result of an Islamic vs. Christian civil war, women and children that are mostly black and Christian are captured in raids. They are later sold as chattel slaves in â€Å"modern day slave markets†. Now the question that I have is, â€Å" Does a human life have a price?† Well according to these people it does, and the price that they decided to put on a human life has been as low as fifteen dollars.

Managing People Essay

Introduction Hiring employees is a crucial task for any company, since every employee has a significant role within the firm. It is for this reason that the recruiter(s) must make the right choice while selecting the candidates and make sure that the future employee fits the best the job offer. In order to achieve this essential task, most companies use the selection interview which is a method that allows the recruiter or manager and the candidate to meet each other in order for the recruiter to evaluate the different candidate’s aspects. The selection interview method is the most frequently and extensively used approach for employment selection. However, despite its universality, it has raised numerous issues regarding its reliability especially the perceptual errors involved in the evaluation process. Throughout this document, the general selection interview’s benefits and issues will be mentioned in order to justify its popularity in comparison to other selection methods and identify its main pitfalls. The next part will aim to underline the relation between the selection interview and the eventual perceptual errors engendered during the recruitment. Finally, the legal implication of the selection interview will be discussed with regard to government policy and legislation. The selection interview Torrington and Hall (1995) describes the selection interview as a controlled conversation between one or many interviewers (managers) and one or many candidates with a purpose of: * Gathering information in order to predict how well the candidates would perform in the job offered, by measuring their abilities according to predetermined criteria established by the interviewers. * Facilitating the candidates’ decision-making by providing them with full details of the job opportunity they have applied for and information about the organisation. * Giving each candidate an equal opportunity or a fair hearing. Benefits In an interview, both parts meet each other. This allows a certain assessment to be made that can not be established in any other way (Torrington and Hall, 1995) such as the compatibility of two parts and their ability to work together, or the aptitude of someone to perform efficiently within a team without altering the whole group performance. Moreover the selection interview gives the candidates the ability to ask the interviewers any questions, such as information about the working hours, contract negotiation and so forth, in other words, it creates a public relation between both parts. In a second hand, it allows the recruiter to answer the candidates’ questions, and often to increase the perceived attractiveness of the job (Barclay, 1999) such as high salary etc†¦ In addition, the selection interview costs much less than the other methods such as testing and consultants use. Problems with using selection interview The major issues concerning the selection interview are related to its unreliability, invalidity and subjectivity (Torrington and Hall, 1995), although Webster (1964) conducted research that allowed identifying the following problems: * If the interviewers make their decision very early in the interview’s progress, they will deceive their final decision to the candidate. * Interviewers tend to find out the evidence that the candidate is unfavourable rather than favourable which can be called as overweighting negative information. * Most interviewers make their choice within the first three or four minutes of the interview, and then spent the rest of the time looking for evidence to confirm their first impression. * Primacy and Recency which is the tendency to recall the first few candidates and the last few. Therefore those in the middle of the queue become forgotten by the interviewers. * All the perceptual errors made in the interview selection, which include, stereotyping, Halo effect, discrimination and so forth. The next part will entirely be focused on those major issues with significant examples regarding the selection interview’s situation. The perceptual errors in the selection interview According to (Rollinson, 2002:110) who defines the perception as: â€Å"A mental process involving the selection, organisation, structuring and interpretation of information in order to make inferences and give meaning to the information† Perception plays a significant role in organisations, since it is used by individuals to make judgements, inferences and interpretations. Moreover it reflects how the people respond to what we do and what we say. However the differences in perception result for people seeing different things and inferring different meaning to same stimuli. The manner that people perceive things differs from one individual to another, therefore perception becomes a person’s reality and this can lead to misunderstandings (Mullins, 2001). The selection interview has raised several concerns regarding to its validity and reliability, those issues has been directly associated with the perceptual errors that may occur in a selection interview. The main areas where problems are encountered are: * Stereotyping: This is where people are regrouped in a same category according to various criteria such as their age, gender and race (Racial stereotyping). Stereotyping is also attributing a person with qualities supposed to be general of members of a particular group (Rollinson, 2002). In our selection interview context, a female candidate who applies for a building site engineer job would not get the offer because the interviewer might thing that all females are weak and fragile, even thought the candidate has got better knowledge and education than any male candidate. Another example could be a small computing business ran by young managers supported by young computer engineers. If an older candidate applies for an engineer job, the interviewers might discriminate he or she because of his or her age, in the fear that he/she would not fit into a young working team and that might affect the entire group’s overall effectiveness. A number of studies concluded that interviewers are more likely to give higher ratings on some traits to candidates who are more similar to themselves. For example a study demonstrated that females were generally given lower ratings than that of males by male interviewers (http://www.shlusa.com/litigation/BestPractice/bpg_selectioninterviewing.pdf). * The Halo Effect: This is the assumption that a person has a certain characteristic, therefore he or she will have other characteristics (Rollinson, 2002). If a candidate has good communication skills. This does not mean that he or she will perform effectively as a manger or a group leader. It can happen that the panel member is impressed by one candidate’s criterion, and then the interviewers will give him/her positive evaluation for all other criteria regardless the performance. * Self-fulfilling prophecy: in our selection interview perspective, the Self-Fulfilling prophecy can be thought as the interviewer’s feelings regarding the interviewee. If this first person feels negatively about the candidate, he or she might ask more difficult questions in order to confirm his/her first assumptions. Therefore the candidate will feel uncomfortable when providing. This concern is also valid in the other sense which is the positive interviewer’s positive feeling and the straightforward questions to candidate in order to confirm it., The interviewers will basically tend to confirm their first impression whether it is positive or negative. This issue has a relevant impact on the validity and reliability of the selection interview in the sense that the interviewer’s first impression has a considerable effect on both candidates’ self-confidence and interviewers’ final result. * Attribution Theory: The attribution can be internal or external to a person, i.e. people attribute causes to other people’s behaviour. The internal attribution can be the person’s abilities; intentions etc. whereas the external attribution is the environment, luck etc. To simplify this theory throughout an example, a candidate is sweating during a selection interview, the deduction the interviewer might have is: Does this person sweat because the room is hot (External attribution) or because the candidate is nervous and struggle to answer the question (Internal attribution)? In fact there is a significant difference between those two factors that affects the interviewer’s perception and therefore his/her decision making. Government policy and legislation While organisations are totally free about how they choose their employee, legislation has a significant role in the recruitment and selection methods, especially in attempts to prevent different discriminations such as ethnic origin, sex, age and disability and to guaranty equal opportunities in recruitment (Beardwell and Holden, 2001). The first act was elaborated in 1974 and concerned the discrimination against people with criminal records (The Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974). This stipulates that after a certain time, the offender has the right to not reveal his or her sentence to any organisation, and should have the same recruitment chances that everybody else has. Followed by that, sex discrimination Act 1975 (including marital status) and race discrimination Act 1976 were introduced in the United Kingdom in order to protect people from direct and indirect discriminations. Since those acts, women and people from different origins have taken important part within organisations; however the evolution has been done relatively slowly according to national statistics (EOC Annual Report, 1998 and IDS 1997) which indicate the distribution of employment on the grounds of gender and race has slightly changed since those acts; for instance, people from ethnic minority are two and a half times more likely to be unemployed than white population. More recently, the Disability Discrimination Act (1995) was enforced in order to protect people with physical or mental impairment that affect them carrying out normal day-to-day activities and tasks. National statistics (Sly et al.; 1999) reveal that the unemployment rate for disabled people is almost twice that the non-disabled people for the working age. Conclusion We have seen that the reliability of the selection interview is affected by perceptual errors. However it this issue that can be overcome by using a structured interview, which makes the interviewer more involved in the job analysis. It is important to remember that the validity of the interview is improved by building a strong relationship between the content of the job and the structure of the selection method. The questions are relevant to the job requirements, and candidates are assessed according to a unique and specific scoring procedure in other words the same questions are asked to each candidate and rated according to pre-elaborated rating scales (Barclay, 1999). Moreover, the interviewers should have special trainings and practices in order to let them know the various pitfalls met in selection interview and overcome their weaknesses regarding the different aspects of the interview. Despite the existence of other recruitment methods such as testing, group selection, assessment centres, and consultant agencies which reveal to be more expensive and less accurate; the selection interview approach remains the most popular and flexible method used by organisations. Bibliography Barclay, J. (1999) â€Å"Employee Selection: A question of Structure†, Personnel Review, 28 (1/2): 134-151. Barclay, J. (1999) â€Å"Improving Selection Interview with Structure†, Personnel Review, 30 (1): 81-101. Beardwell, I. et al. (2001) Human Resource Management, Edinburgh: Prentice Hall. Mullins L. (2001) Management and Organisational Behaviour, UKPrentice Hall. Rollinson, R. (2002) Organisational Behaviour and Analysis-An Integrated Approach, Edinburgh: Prentice Hall. Thair, T. and Risdon, A. (1999). Women in the labour market: Results from the spring. 1998 labour force survey. Labour Market, March. The Office for National Statistics. Torrington, D. et al. (1995) Human Resource Management, Edinburgh: Prentice Hall. SHL Group plc (2000) http://www.shlusa.com/litigation/BestPractice/bpg_selectioninterviewing.pdf 7/11/2003.

Education: Your First Ticket to a Journey Called Life Essay

Every schools, universities, or institutions have their own mission for their students to hone their skills but all of them has one goal, it is to produce intelligent and productive graduates, for them to produce educated men. But what is an educated man? For me, an educated man is someone who studied very well who always work hard and doing efforts in school and most especially who finished his studies with excellence. Mr. Jovito Salonga did a really good job on giving different citations that will justify what an educated man really is. I got his point that an educated man do not refer to those people who is really fond of reading, the problem to us Filipinos, we all have the ability to read but we don’t know what reading materials are worth reading for, that is why we often have low quality of education here in the Philippines.. And with my observation to my fellow Filipinos especially to the young ones, they are fond of reading showbiz magazines, comics and other non-essential reading materials and if you let them read a story or novel, they can read but the don’t know how to comprehend. And I also agreed on his comparison between Philippines and Japan. Philippines is a rich country in terms of natural resources that we Filipinos are our source of food and often in our livelihood. But still, our country don’t have sufficient skills to make our country great that is why we are one of the third world countries while Japan is a poor country in terms of natural resources and even tested by calamities like the deadly tsunami in 2011 and killed many lives but we can see now that Japan stood up and recovered simple because it has people of abundant skills. Education is a man’s stepping stone to a better and brighter life. It’s a way of improving and enhancing their skills and education is the first and important ticket to a long journey called life. Mr. Jovito Salonga’s â€Å"An Educated Man† is one of the best and inspirational speech a student can ever hear or read. He gave a great emphasis on what an educated man really is. Many factors are considered to say that a person is an educated man but Mr. Salonga broke the unusual outlook in an educated man. When I read the title â€Å" An Educated Man†, I have this own perspective on what was the content of the speech. I expected it to be inspirational and it is really inspirational but my mistake is, I thought an educated man will just depend on how much he reads often and how many books he already read and how many facts and information are piled up on his mind but through the speech, I had y his clear understanding about a real educated man. As I read it, I was so inspired and in the back of my mind , I had this big determination to push through and do my best in my studies. I realized it is not really about how many medals and awards you had but it is about how you live your life and at the same time apply the learnings you had when you were still studying. Like what other people say, at the end of your life of being a student, you can’t always use your medals and awards in this complicated life, it is not always how you did good in school but it is sometimes how you go through and how you excel outside the four-cornered room and how you face the realities of life. In Mr. Salonga’s speech, he wasn’t intended to say or mean that a student’s hardwork of memorizing a lot and reading hundred of books are a waste of time but he was just trying to imply that far more important than the making of a living, is a living of life. In connection to Mr. Salonga’s An Educated Man, I am a future educator, a future provider of wisdom and knowledge to my students. Aside from sustaining and providing my students an enough knowledge, I also want to share my thoughts and experiences through teaching. I want to touch lives and I guess it is good and overwhelming to see little children grow up and transform from being childish and immature to a man that should be. I want to inspire students not just by showing them how good I am academically but how I grew up as a teacher. Because for me, teaching is not just a profession, it’s a life. Educators are the light of every student’s path, they just not simply stood up in front of the class and teach, they also guide the students because it will reflect to the student if you are really a good teacher. Students should not just acquire knowledge but apply every lesson they got to their teacher because it is the partnership of a teacher and a student that produce an educated man plus factor is the experience. An educated man is not just an great and intelligent but a man with courage and passion and a man who has a positive outlook in life and a man that still looks up above and thank Him even hoe successful he is now. Like Mr. Salonga said, an educated man should be living a good, meaningful and abundant life. In conclusion, it is better to have two good qualities to show what an educated man is. For me, they should have great mind and at the same time the courage and hardwork to accomplish every task life has to give. Education has a really great impact on a person’s future and it is really a great factor on honing a person’s brighter and successful life. Education is just a start of your journey in this cruel and silly. After graduation and outside the four-cornered room will be the realities and it is in your own hands how you will excel in life because in life it is not anymore getting high grades and awards, it is now how you face every challenge and survive.

Sharp Corporation Essay Example

Sharp Corporation Essay Example Sharp Corporation Essay Sharp Corporation Essay [emailprotected] CORPORATION: BEYOND JAPAN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT . 3 . 8 TABLE OF CONTENT PROBLEM STATEMENT ANALYSIS DISCUSSION OF ALTERNATIVES RECOMMENDATION EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CITATIONS EXHIBITS 3 5 Sharp Corporation needs a major overhaul of its business model. Sharps previous model of make in Japan, sell overseas has been successful until recently. Currently, with the increased mobility in engineering talent and technology transfer, companies from new emerging markets such as South Korea and Taiwan are gaining the competitive advantage over Sharps outdated business model that no longer fit with he firms strategy or the business environment. Sharps previous president, Katsuhiko Machida, adhered to the principles of keeping manufacturing in Japan. 3 Following this principle had some advantages in the domestic market but had major disadvantages for fulfilling demand in the international market. Sharp is becoming popular in the international market with significant increases in foreign sales revenue (Exhibit 1). Due to the fact that all of its products were manufactured in Japan, Sharp were unable to keep up with the international demand for its product. With more than 54% accounting for nternational demand, implementing an effective supply medium to deliver its product is imperative for Sharps success2 (Exhibit 4). Some products lost as much as 10% of its value, in the shipment time duration it required to reach its target market. With Sharps products not flowing to the target market smoothly, competitors including South Korean and Taiwanese companies were gaining a competitive edge. Sharps inability to supply their product efficiently to the international market correlates to the negative effect on the domestic market as excessive company resources were being channelled elsewhere (Exhibit 2). The negative effect may also have been caused by the foreign exchange rate. With the majority of its inventory being sold abroad, Sharp now faced a new issue which was beyond its control. The foreign exchange rate was susceptible to an array of different environments and varied consistently through time (Exhibit 3). The increase in the value of the US dollar meant operating income for Sharp was relatively lower as well. This is mostly notable in year 2009, when the Japanese Yen devalued the most against the US dollar $, which aided in the operating loss of millionl . No significant financial rovisions were taken in order to mitigate foreign exchange losses by Sharp. Sharp has been continuously investing large amounts in production facilities in Japan and then exporting key devices to be assembled in foreign countries. 4 Basing most of its operation in Japan, Sharp had the disadvantages of paying higher tax rates and costly infrastructure in comparison to its competitors who based their core businesses in key strategic locations with minimum tax implications and low infrastructure costs. 6 Also, due to excessive domestic investments, Japanese plants had turned into high alue added knowledge, while overseas plant lacked any of this traits which is detrimental for any overseas expansion strategy. Using the black-box approach Sharp has been secretive about its production and was unable to reap any benefits that might be possible through effectively engaging in value chain integration to suit their needs; while its competitors were readily exchanging and integrating industry knowledge. Sharps emphasis on combining knowledge and capabilities in ways other firms could not imitate is not feasible in the age of Globalization where satellite and internet communication is readily available to everyone. The increased mobility of crucial talent and technology transfer within the industry is something Sharp had not experienced 5 10 years ago. Sharps intellectual property is limited to the core operations of the company itself. 4 Due to this, Sharp were confined to the industry knowledge within their company and had limited access to RD from different companies within their value chain. Sharp did not have a stringent plan to remain as an industry leader in its LCD division as well. Most of the competitive advantage it gained is through using its proprietary LCD technology Four Primary Colour and by increasing the sizes of the TV. Sharps business outlook in the LCD market to gain competitive advantage by increasing the sizes of the TV, is not farfetched as the company is now beginning to realise that the customers had a threshold point on the sizes of TV they wanted. The new president of Sharp Mr. Katayama had a Globalization attitude to the companys business model. Sharp is in the verge of creating a new identity for itself. It is a major player in the industry and could not operate in an also ran basis that it used to in the past. It needed new alternatives to remain on the top and gain competitive advantages over its competitors. Starting production in an international market seemed unlikely in the previous business model which followed the make in Japan, sell overseas principles. With recent losses in the companys financial statements, and worsening economic conditions it is imperative for Sharp to overcome this limitation. Starting production in major markets and developing specialized knowledge internationally would divert the focus of heavy investment in Japanese plants/infrastructure. Access to lower-cost workers, technical expertise, lower transportation costs and productions inputs are a Just a few benefits Sharp ould be able to realize with the new business model. However, there were many risks associated with expanding production to a foreign country. Thorough investigation on the feasibility of this option needs to be scrutinized accordingly. Changing operating model from vertical integration to horizontal integration for the companys production technologies and manufacturing capabilities will give it a better standing in the competitive market. Forming alliances with local companies in major markets such as China, to establish a value chain would maximize efficiency and cash flow (Exhibit 5). Up until recently Sharp has been building plants in Japan for front-end processes with their own resources5. With its knowledge centres and infrastructure located solely in Japan, Sharp could benefit from it by bolstering cutting edge production technologies/manufacturing capabilities nationally and extending its technologies gradually to global sites. Aiming to create a value chain in the consumption area/maJor markets, encompassing each step from procuring materials through manufacturing and sales; an internal company concept known as local production for local consumption, would allow Sharp to receive a return on its roprietary technologies and technology assistance fees such as initial payments, royalties, dividends and revenues from Joint ventures. This serves to reduce risks involved in foreign exchange rates and the recovery of capital expenditurtes4. Sharp has already started this initiative with its Solar Cell product division, forming alliances with Italian power company Enel SpA3. This trend n other product divisions as well. s to follow suit for its Starting a new manufacturing plant outside Japan would be capital and labour intensive. It would also expose the company to various risks such as financial, olitical, environmental, and legal risks. Alternatively, integration through value chain approach would allow Sharp to mitigate some of the risks involved compared to starting a new plant and would not require intensive capital investment. Forming value chains would allow Sharp to access the benefits from well established businesses which are already firmly integrated in the local business environment. It would also allow Sharp to access and understand potential opportunity for future markets for its products as the current markets gets saturated. Integration with arious international value chain means Sharp would adapt an International Firm Management technique in the global business environment. Up until now, Sharp had minimum production technologies/manufacturing operations internationally and operated its production plants predominantly in a national level. Despite the potential benefits of global markets, Sharp must constantly monitor the match between the firms product and new markets to not overlook the needs of the buyers. Sometimes, the benefits of serving customers with an adapted product may outweigh the benefit of a standardized product5. The value chain will allow Sharp to perform distinctive, speedy and efficient R using open innovations and cooperation with partners to gain expertise in fields of technology that are new to Sharp8. However, while operating in foreign markets it should protect its intellectual property and industrial properties through various mediums of patent, trademarks and copyrights. Sharps previous model make in Japan, sell overseas has not been successful recently because the market has changed dramatically. Its operating model had not historically emphasized co-operations with other firms. With increased mobility in ngineering talent and technology transfer, companies from new emerging markets has made its previous business model obsolete. If Sharp wanted to remain as an industry leader it had to change its operation model to suit the Globalization environment. Integration with the international value chain to provide production technologies and manufacturing capabilities beyond national borders would allow Sharp to mitigate expensive legal risks, political risks, shipment cost, infrastructure cost (home/abroad) and foreign exchange fluctuations. It also opens an opportunity to new markets for Sharp as current markets gets saturated. While adapting to a new operating model, Sharp should always consider the risks implications such as global market trends, business partners, intellectual property rights, litigations, and technological innovations which may have significant effect on the financial statements. SHARP Corp. (2009) Opening New Frontier Annual Report, Consolidated Statement of Operations (p. 44) 2 SHARP Corp. (2009) Opening New Frontier Annual Report, Financial summary (p. 36) 3 SHARP Corp. (2009) Opening New Frontier Annual Report, New Business Model (p. 8) 4 SHARP corp. (2009) opening New Frontier Annual Report, Introducing a New Business Model (p. ) 5 John, J. W, Kenneth. L. W, (2012). International Business: The challenges of Globalization, Sixth Edition. Pearson Hall 6 Lehmberg, D. (2011). Sharp Corporation: Beyond Japan. Richard Ivey School of Business Exhibit 1: Various Equipment type sales in 2009 for Sharp Corporation Equipment type Audio Visual/ Communication 2 Health/Environmental Informatio n 4 LCDS Solar cells 6 Other Electronic Devices Exhibit 2: International Sales Vs Domestic Sales for SharpCorporation Exhibit 3: Foreign Exchange US $ vs Japanese (2007 2009) Exhibit 4: Sales by Region, Sharp Corporation Exhibit 5: Sharp Corporation (2009) Annual Report

Negro Baseball League Timeline

Negro Baseball League Timeline The Negro Baseball Leagues were professional leagues in the United States for players of African descent. At its height of popularity- from 1920 through World War II- Negro  Baseball Leagues were an integral part of African-American life and culture during the Jim Crow Era.   1859: The first documented baseball game between two African-American teams is played on November 15 in New York City. The Henson Baseball Club of Queens played the Unknowns of Brooklyn. The Henson Baseball Club defeated the Unknowns, 54 to 43. 1885: The first African-American professional team is founded in Babylon, NY. They are named the Cuban Giants. 1887: The National Colored Baseball League is established, becoming the first professional African-American league. The league begins with eight teams- the Lord Baltimores, Resolutes, Browns, Falls City, Gorhams, Pythians, Pittsburgh Keystones, and the Capital City Club. However, within two weeks the National Colored Baseball League will cancel games as a result of poor attendance. 1890: The International League bans African-American players, which will last until 1946. 1896:  The Page Fence Giants club is established by Bud Fowler. The club is considered one of the best teams in early African-American baseball history because players toured in their own railroad car and played against major league teams such as the Cincinnati Reds. 1896: The United States Supreme Court upholds Louisianas separate but equal laws concerning public facilities. This decision affirms racial segregation, de facto segregation, and prejudice throughout the United States. 1896: The Page Fence Giants and Cuban Giants play a national championship. The Page Fence Club wins 10 out of 15 games. 1920: At the height of the Great Migration, Andrew Rube Foster, owner of the Chicago American Giants organizes a meeting with all the Midwest team owners in Kansas City. As a result, the Negro National League is established. 1920: On May 20, the Negro National League begins its first season with seven teamsthe Chicago American Giants, Chicago Giants, Dayton Marcos, Detroit Stars, Indianapolis ABCs, Kansas City Monarchs and Cuban Stars. This marks the beginning of the Golden Era of Negro Baseball. 1920: The Negro Southern League is established. The league includes cities such as Atlanta, Nashville, Birmingham, Memphis, New Orleans, and Chattanooga. 1923: The Eastern Colored League is established by Ed Bolden, owner of the Hilldale Club, and Nat Strong, owner of the Brooklyn Royal Giants. The Eastern Colored League consists of the following six teams: Brooklyn Royal Giants, Hilldale Club, Bacharach Giants, Lincoln Giants, Baltimore Black Sox, and the Cuban Stars. 1924: The Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro National League and the Hilldale Club of the Eastern Colored League play in the first Negro World Series. The Kansas City Monarchs win the championship five games to four. 1927 - 1928: The Eastern Colored League faces many conflicts between various club owners. In 1927, New Yorks Lincoln Giants left the league. Although the Lincoln Giants returned in the following season, several other teams including the Hilldale Club, Brooklyn Royal Giants, and Harrisburg Giants all left the league. In 1928, the Philadelphia Tigers were brought into the league. Despite several attempts, the League disbands in June of 1928 over player contracts. 1928: The American Negro League is developed and includes the Baltimore Black Sox, Lincoln Giants, Homestead Grays, Hilldale Club, Bacharach Giants, and the Cuban Giants. Many of these teams were members of the Eastern Colored League. 1929: The stock market crashes, placing financial strains on many facets of American life and business, including Negro League baseball as ticket sales slump. 1930: Foster, founder of the Negro National League dies. 1930: The Kansas City Monarchs end their ties with the Negro National League and become an independent team. 1931: The Negro National League disbands after the 1931 season as a result of financial strains. 1932: The Negro Southern League becomes the only major African-American baseball league operating. Once considered less lucrative than other leagues, the Negro Southern League is able to begin the season with five teams including the Chicago American Giants, Cleveland Cubs, Detroit Stars, Indianapolis ABCs, and Louisville White Sox. 1933: Gus Greenlee, a business owner from Pittsburgh forms the new Negro National League. Its first season begins with seven teams. 1933: The inaugural East-West Colored All-Star Game is played at Comiskey Park in Chicago. An estimate 20,000 fans attend and the West wins, 11-7. 1937: The Negro American League is established, uniting the strongest teams on the West Coast and south. These teams included the Kansas City Monarchs, Chicago American Giants, Cincinnati Tigers, Memphis Red Sox, Detroit Stars, Birmingham Black Barons, Indianapolis Athletics, and St. Louis Stars. 1937: Josh Gibson and Buck Leonard help the Homestead Grays begin its nine-year streak as champions of the Negro National League. 1946: Jackie Robinson, a player for the Kansas City Monarchs, is signed by the Brooklyn Dodgers organization. He plays with the Montreal Royals and becomes the first African-American to play in the International League in more than sixty years. 1947: Robinson becomes the first African-American player in major league baseball by joining the Brooklyn Dodgers. He wins National League Rookie of the Year. 1947: Larry Doby becomes the first African-American player in the American League when he joins the Cleveland Indians. 1948: The Negro National League disbands. 1949: The Negro American League is the only major African-American league still playing. 1952: More than 150 African-American baseball players, most from the Negro Leagues, have been signed to Major League Baseball. With low ticket sales and a lack of good players, the era of African-American baseball comes to an end.

Cancer Pain in End of Life Cancer Patients Essay

Cancer Pain in End of Life Cancer Patients - Essay Example This will be considered a supplementary strategy to the existing official request process. I will also need support from my peers particularly in project review and data collection. I will also need to describe the significance of the project to my peers in order to win their support. Current Problem/ Deficit Pain treatment is a significant aspect in the end of life care. Different people develop different pain symptoms and hence the need for differentiated pain management strategies. Unfortunately, the current pain management strategies concentrate on pain symptoms rather than the source of pain. For example, a doctor will concentrate on symptoms of pain such as headache and backache, rather than the actual cause of the pain. The second issue relates to the definition and scope of pain. The mainstream pain management strategies underestimate the significance of other dimensions of pain such as social and spiritual pain. A comprehensive pain management strategy needs to incorporate t he other aspects of pain. The project proposes a standardized scale to assess pain, using four basic approaches to pain relief, which include: modify the source(s) of pain(s), alter the central perception of pain, modulate transmission of pain to the central nervous system and block transmission of pain to the central nervous system (Ferrel, Levy and Paice, 2008, p.577). Moreover the project proposes an interdisciplinary intervention integrating â€Å"physical, physiological, social and spiritual well-being of the patient so that the patient experiences comfort and dignity at the end of life. The process will involve counseling and use of pain relieving medication. Medication is primarily intended to relieve physiological pain without inflicting additional... The paper throws light on pain treatment as a significant aspect in the end of life care. Different people develop different pain symptoms and hence the need for differentiated pain management strategies. Unfortunately, the current pain management strategies concentrate on pain symptoms rather than the source of pain. For example, a doctor will concentrate on symptoms of pain such as headache and backache, rather than the actual cause of the pain. The second issue relates to the definition and scope of pain. The mainstream pain management strategies underestimate the significance of other dimensions of pain such as social and spiritual pain. A comprehensive pain management strategy needs to incorporate the other aspects of pain. The project proposes a standardized scale to assess pain, using four basic approaches to pain relief, which include: modify the source(s) of pain(s), alter the central perception of pain, modulate transmission of pain to the central nervous system and block t ransmission of pain to the central nervous system. Moreover the project proposes an interdisciplinary intervention integrating â€Å"physical, physiological, social and spiritual well-being of the patient so that the patient experiences comfort and dignity at the end of life. The process will involve counseling and use of pain relieving medication. Medication is primarily intended to relieve physiological pain without inflicting additional complications on the patient.